بعد أشهر على تفشي مرض جدري القردة في العالم، يتوفر اليوم مزيد من المعلومات عن هذا المرض. لكن العديد من الأسئلة ما زالت تنتظر ايضاحات من شأنها أن تكون حاسمة لتحديد مدى امكانية احتواء المرض.
هل هو فيروس جديد؟
جدري القردة الذي يسبب ارتفاعا في درجة الحرارة وطفحًا جلديًا، معروف منذ عقود في العديد من البلدان الأفريقية.
والجديد في الأمر هو انتشاره هذا العام في بلدان أخرى، خاصة في أوروبا وأميركا، ليتجاوز الآن 35 ألف إصابة. تم الإبلاغ عن عدد قليل من الوفيات لأشخاص مصابين بالوباء.
وتختلف مواصفات المرضى أيضًا. فهو يصيب خصوصًا الرجال الذين يمارسون الجنس مع رجال، على عكس ما لوحظ حتى الآن في إفريقيا، حيث يصيب الأطفال.
ومن هنا يُطرح السؤال الأول: هل تغير الفيروس بفعل الطفرات، أم أن الوباء الحالي ظهر بالأحرى نتيجة توافر مصادفات سيئة؟
قالت منظمة الصحة العالمية لوكالة فرانس برس هذا الأسبوع “لدى دراسة الجينوم، نعم، نجد بعض الاختلافات الجينية”. واوضحت “لكننا لا نعلم ما مدى أهمية هذه التغييرات الجينية، والأبحاث جارية لتحديد الآثار (المحتملة) لهذه الطفرات على انتقال المرض وشدته”.
هل هو مرض ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي؟
لا يزال الباحثون مترددين إلى حد كبير في وصف جدرى القردة بأنه مرض ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي لكن ما تبين حتى الآن هو ارتباط الاصابات الحالية بالاتصال الجنسي.
هذا الاستنتاج الذي اتفقت عليه عدة دراسات بالاستناد إلى مئات الاصابات، ينفي بشدة الفرضية التي تقول إن للهواء دورًا كبيرًا في انتقال الفيروس.
ويدحض هذا أهمية عزل المرضى لأسابيع، كما هو الحال حاليًا في بلدان عدة بينها فرنسا.
لكن هناك فارقًا بسيطًا على قدر من الأهمية: هل ينتقل الفيروس فقط عبر الجلد لدى الاتصال الجنسي، أم يمكن أن ينتقل عبر السائل المنوي؟
قامت بعض الدراسات، في الأسابيع الأخيرة، بعزل الفيروس من السائل المنوي لمرضى وبينت إحداها أنه ما زال معديًا. لكنها ما زالت في بداياتها ولا يمكن بناء استنتاجات عليها.
نقل العدوى إلى الحيوانات؟
في الأصل، تم تعريف جدري القردة على أنه مرض ينتقل بشكل رئيسي إلى الإنسان عن طريق الحيوانات، وغالباً من القوارض ونادرًا ما يكون من القردة.
يعد الارتفاع الكبير في العدوى بين البشر من مستجدات الوباء الحالي. لكن يبقى أن نعرف ما إذا كان بإمكان البشر نقل المرض بدورهم إلى حيوان.
والقضية على قدر كبير من الأهمية، نظراً لأن الحيوانات يمكن أن تشكل أرضية خصبة للعدوى حيث يواصل الفيروس تطوره بطريقة يحتمل أن تكون خطرة.
أشارت دراسة نُشرت في مجلة “لانسيت” مؤخرًا إلى أول حالة تم فيها انتقال المرض من مصابين بشر إلى كلب، وهما رجلان أصابا بالعدوى كلبهما في باريس.
وحتى الآن لم تُسجل سوى حالة واحدة، ووفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، الخطر يكمن في نقل الفيروس إلى الحيوانات البرية وليس الأليفة.
قال المسؤول في منظمة الصحة العالمية، مايكل راين، هذا الأسبوع “من خلال عملية نقل حيوان العدوى للتالي ثم التالي والتالي، يمكن أن نشهد تطوراً سريعاً للفيروس”.
– معدٍ بدون أعراض؟ –
من غير المعروف إلى أي مدى يمكن للمصابين بالفيروس، ولكن بدون أعراض، أن ينقلوه دون الشعور بذلك.
رصدت دراسة في فرنسا نشرتها مجلة حوليات الطب الباطني “Annals of Internal Medicine”، الفيروس لدى عدد قليل من المرضى الذين لا تظهر عليهم أعراض ولكن دون أن تتمكن من تحديد ما إذا كانوا معديين.
ويمثل هذا “سبباً إضافياً لاعتبار جدري القردة مشكلة صحية عامة” ، كما قال ستيوارت ايزاك، وهو باحث مستقل شارك في الدراسة.
– ما مدى فعالية اللقاحات؟ –
بدأت العديد من البلدان حملات تطعيم. لكن اللقاحات المستخدمة لم يتم تطويرها خصيصًا ضد جدري القردة. لذلك تظل درجة فعاليتها غير واضحة وإن كان لا يوجد شك في أنها تمنح مستوى معينًا من الحماية.
في انتظار دراسات كاملة، هناك اشارت مشجعة قادمة من المملكة المتحدة، حيث يبدو أن الوباء يتراجع.
قالت السلطات الصحية البريطانية هذا الأسبوع “لا بد أن يكون لآلاف اللقاحات المقدمة … تأثير واضح في انتقال الفيروس” دون أن يكون من الممكن انشاء صلة مباشرة.
أسئلة غامضة ما زالت تحيط بجدري القردة
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